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upper risk

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    Mathematics: upper risk

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  • 5 alto

    adj.
    1 tall, elevated, high-rise.
    2 high, upland.
    3 tall.
    4 high, steep.
    Precios altos High (steep) prices
    5 loud.
    6 lofty.
    adv.
    1 loudly, aloud, high up.
    2 high, in a high position.
    intj.
    stop, hold everything, halt, hold it.
    m.
    1 height.
    2 stop, halt, interruption, pause.
    3 hill, top of the hill, height.
    4 upper floor.
    5 high point, high, maximum.
    6 Alto.
    * * *
    1 (persona, edificio, árbol) tall
    2 (montaña, pared, techo, precio) high
    3 (elevado) top, upper
    4 (importancia) high, top
    5 (voz, sonido) loud
    1 high (up)
    2 (voz) loud, loudly
    ■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?
    1 (altura) height
    2 (elevación) hill, high ground
    \
    en lo alto de on the top of
    pasar por alto to pass over
    por todo lo alto figurado in a grand way
    tirando alto figurado at the most
    alta cocina haute cuisine
    alta sociedad high society
    alta tecnología high technology
    altas presiones high pressure sing
    alto horno blast furnace
    ————————
    1 high (up)
    2 (voz) loud, loudly
    ■ ¿podrías hablar más alto? could you speak a bit louder?
    1 (altura) height
    2 (elevación) hill, high ground
    ————————
    1 (parada) stop
    1 halt! (policía) stop!
    \
    dar el alto a alguien MILITAR to order somebody to halt
    alto el fuego cease-fire
    * * *
    1. (f. - alta)
    adj.
    1) tall
    2) high
    3) loud
    2. adv.
    1) high
    3. noun m.
    2) halt, stop
    * * *
    I
    1. ADJ
    1) [en altura]
    a) [edificio, persona] tall; [monte] high

    • jersey de cuello alto — polo neck jumper, turtleneck

    • camino de alta montaña — high mountain path

    • zapatos de tacón o Cono Sur, Perú taco alto — high-heeled shoes, high heels

    mar I, 1)
    b)

    • lo alto, una casa en lo alto de la cuesta — a house on top of the hill

    • lanzar algo de o desde lo alto — to throw sth down, throw sth down from above

    por todo lo alto —

    2) [en nivel] [grado, precio, riesgo] high; [clase, cámara] upper

    la marea estaba alta — it was high tide, the tide was in

    • alto cargo — [puesto] high-ranking position; [persona] senior official, high-ranking official

    • alta cocina — haute cuisine

    • alto/a comisario/a — High Commissioner

    • alta costura — high fashion, haute couture

    • de alta definición — high-definition antes de s

    • alto/a ejecutivo/a — top executive

    • alta escuela — (Hípica) dressage

    • altas esferas — upper echelons

    • alta fidelidad — high fidelity, hi-fi

    • altas finanzas — high finance

    • alto funcionario — senior official, high-ranking official

    • oficiales de alta graduación — senior officers, high-ranking officers

    • altos hornos — blast furnace

    • altos mandos — senior officers, high-ranking officers

    • de altas miras, es un chico de altas miras — he is a boy of great ambition

    • alta presión — (Téc, Meteo) high pressure

    • alta sociedad — high society

    • temporada alta — high season

    • alta tensión — high tension, high voltage

    • alta traición — high treason

    • alta velocidad — high speed

    Alta Velocidad Española — Esp name given to high speed train system

    3) [en intensidad]

    • en voz alta — [leer] out loud; [hablar] in a loud voice

    4) [en el tiempo]
    5) [estilo] lofty, elevated
    6) (=revuelto)

    • estar alto — [río] to be high; [mar] to be rough

    7) (Geog) upper
    8) (Mús) [nota] sharp; [instrumento, voz] alto
    9) ( Hist, Ling) high
    2. ADV
    1) (=arriba) high
    2) (=en voz alta)

    hablar alto — (=en voz alta) to speak loudly; (=con franqueza) to speak out, speak out frankly

    ¡más alto, por favor! — louder, please!

    pensar (en) alto — to think out loud, think aloud

    volar
    3. SM
    1) (=altura)

    mide 1,80 de alto — he is 1.80 metres tall

    • en alto, coloque los pies en alto — put your feet up

    con las manos en alto — [en atraco, rendición] with one's hands up; [en manifestación] with one's hands in the air

    dejar algo en alto —

    2) (Geog) hill
    3) (Arquit) upper floor
    4) (Mús) alto
    5)
    6)

    • pasar por alto — [+ detalle, problema] to overlook

    7) Chile [de ropa, cartas] pile
    8) Chile [de tela] length
    9)

    los altos — Cono Sur, Méx [de casa] upstairs; (Geog) the heights

    II
    1. SM
    1) (=parada) stop

    • dar el alto a algn — to order sb to halt, stop sb

    • hacer un alto — [en viaje] to stop off; [en actividad] to take a break

    • poner el alto a algo — Méx to put an end to sth

    alto el fuego — Esp ceasefire

    2) (Aut) (=señal) stop sign; (=semáforo) lights pl
    2.
    EXCL

    ¡alto! — halt!, stop!

    ¡alto ahí! — stop there!

    ¡alto el fuego! — cease fire!

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> high

    zapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes

    b) [ESTAR]
    2) (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high
    b) [estar]

    la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in

    eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation

    en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree

    3) (en cantidad, calidad) high

    tiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure

    4)
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loud
    b)

    en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud

    5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top
    6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high
    a) (Ling) high
    b) (Geog) upper
    •
    II
    1) <volar/subir> high
    2) < hablar> loud, loudly
    III

    alto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!

    IV
    1)
    a) ( altura)
    b) ( en el terreno) high ground
    2)
    a) ( de edificio) top floor
    b) los altos masculino plural (CS) ( en casa) upstairs
    3)
    a) (parada, interrupción)
    b) (Méx) (Auto)

    pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign

    4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) [ser] <persona/edificio/árbol> tall; <pared/montaña> high

    zapatos de tacones altos or (AmS) de taco alto — high-heeled shoes

    b) [ESTAR]
    2) (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high
    b) [estar]

    la marea está alta — it's high tide, the tide's in

    eso dejó en alto su buen nombre — (CS) that really boosted his reputation

    en lo alto de la montaña/de un árbol — high up on the mountainside/in a tree

    3) (en cantidad, calidad) high

    tiene la tensión or presión alta — she has high blood pressure

    4)
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) <volumen/televisión> loud
    b)

    en alto or en voz alta — aloud, out loud

    5) (delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) <ejecutivo/funcionario> high-ranking, top
    6) (delante del n) <ideales/opinión> high
    a) (Ling) high
    b) (Geog) upper
    •
    II
    1) <volar/subir> high
    2) < hablar> loud, loudly
    III

    alto (ahí)! — (Mil) halt!; ( dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!

    IV
    1)
    a) ( altura)
    b) ( en el terreno) high ground
    2)
    a) ( de edificio) top floor
    b) los altos masculino plural (CS) ( en casa) upstairs
    3)
    a) (parada, interrupción)
    b) (Méx) (Auto)

    pasarse el alto — ( un semáforo) to run the red light (AmE), to jump the lights (BrE); ( un stop) to go through the stop sign

    4) (Chi fam) ( de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *
    alto1
    1 = stop.

    Ex: It is certainly no accident that in Finland, a country that circulates an average of 17 books per capita per year through 1500 public libraries and 18,000 mobile-library stops, its public libraries are supported by both national and local monies.

    * alto del fuego = cease-fire.
    * alto en el camino = stopover.
    * echar por alto = bungle.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], gloss over, miss, obviate, overlook, short-circuit [shortcircuit], skip over, leapfrog, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by, flout, close + the door on, skip.
    * pasar por alto la autoridad de Alguien = go over + Posesivo + head.
    * pasar por alto rápidamente = race + past.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.

    alto2
    2 = alto.

    Ex: The simultaneous interweaving of several melodic lines (usually four: soprano, alto, tenor, bass) in a musical composition is known as polyphony.

    alto3
    3 = height.

    Ex: For a monograph the height of the book is normally given, in centimetres.

    * altos y bajos = highs and lows, peaks and valleys.
    * celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.
    * con la frente en alto = stand + tall.
    * en lo alto = on top.
    * en lo alto de = on top of, atop.
    * poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.

    alto4
    4 = heavy [heavier -comp., heaviest -sup.], high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], superior, tall [taller -comp., tallest -sup.], hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].

    Ex: In fact, the area was well served by a very good neighbourhood advice centre which had a heavy workload of advice and information-giving.

    Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex: Occasionally, however, a differently shaped pyramid -- either taller or shorter, is more appropriate.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    * a alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * a altas horas de la noche = late at night.
    * alcanzar cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights.
    * alta burguesía, la = gentry, the.
    * alta cocina = haute cuisine.
    * alta costura = haute couture.
    * Alta Edad Media, la = Early Middle Ages, the, High Middle Ages, the, Dark Ages, the.
    * alta intensidad = high-rate.
    * alta mar = high seas, the.
    * alta posición = high estate.
    * alta productividad = high yield.
    * alta resolución = high resolution.
    * altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.
    * altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.
    * alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology, hi-tech.
    * alta traición = high treason.
    * alta velocidad = high-rate.
    * alto cargo = senior post, top official, senior position, top person [top people, -pl.], top executive, top position, senior manager, senior executive, high official, top manager, senior official.
    * alto cargo público = senior public official.
    * alto comisario = high commissioner.
    * alto dignatario = high official.
    * alto en fibras = high-fibre.
    * alto funcionario = high official.
    * alto horno = blast furnace.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * alto precio = costliness.
    * alto rendimiento = high yield.
    * alto riesgo = high stakes.
    * altos cargos = people in high office.
    * alto y débil = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * alto y delgado = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].
    * amontonarse muy alto = be metres high.
    * apuntar muy alto = reach for + the stars, shoot for + the stars.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * clase alta = upper class.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * cuando la marea está alta = at high tide.
    * de alta alcurnia = well-born.
    * de alta cuna = well-born.
    * de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.
    * de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.
    * de alta potencia = high power.
    * de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * de alta tecnología = high-technology.
    * de alta tensión = heavy-current.
    * de alta velocidad = high-speed.
    * de alto abolengo = well-born.
    * de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.
    * de alto nivel = high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de alto rango = highly placed.
    * de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.
    * de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.
    * de alto voltaje = high-voltage.
    * de la gama alta = high-end.
    * edificio alto = high-rise building.
    * en alta mar = on the high seas.
    * explosivo de alta potencia = high explosive.
    * fijar precios altos = price + high.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * frente de altas presiones = ridge of high pressure.
    * línea de alta tensión = power line.
    * llevar a cotas más altas = raise to + greater heights, take + Nombre + to greater heights.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * marea alta = high tide.
    * música de alta fidelidad = hi-fi music.
    * pagar un precio alto por Algo = pay + a premium price for.
    * persecución en coche a alta velocidad = high-speed chase.
    * persona de altos vuelos = high flyer [high flier, -USA].
    * persona de la alta sociedad = socialite.
    * poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * quimioterapia de altas dosis = high-dose chemotherapy.
    * reparador de estructuras altas = steeplejack.
    * ser muy alto = be metres high.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * temporada alta = high season.
    * tener un alto contenido de = be high in.
    * unaprobabilidad muy alta = a sporting chance.
    * un + Nombre + a altas horas de la noche = a late night + Nombre.

    alto5
    5 = loud [louder -comp., loudest -sup.].

    Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking and groaning of the presses as the timbers gave and rubbed against each other.

    * decir en voz alta = say + out loud, say in + a loud voice.
    * en voz alta = loudly, out loud.
    * hablar alto = be loud.
    * hablar en voz alta = talk in + a loud voice.
    * leer en voz alta = read + aloud, read + out loud.
    * pensar en voz alta = think + out loud.
    * sonido alto = loud noise.

    * * *
    alto1 -ta
    A
    1 [ SER] ‹persona/edificio/árbol› tall; ‹pared/montaña› high
    zapatos de tacones altos or ( AmS) de taco alto high-heeled shoes
    es más alto que su hermano he's taller than his brother
    una blusa de cuello alto a high-necked blouse
    2 [ ESTAR]:
    ¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!
    mi hija está casi tan alta como yo my daughter's almost as tall as me now o almost my height now
    B (indicando posición, nivel)
    1 [ SER] high
    los techos eran muy altos the rooms had very high ceilings
    un vestido de talle alto a high-waisted dress
    2 [ ESTAR]:
    ese cuadro está muy alto that picture's too high
    ponlo más alto para que los niños no alcancen put it higher up so that the children can't reach
    el río está muy alto the river is very high
    la marea está alta it's high tide, the tide's in
    los pisos más altos del edificio the top floors of the building
    salgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands up o with your hands in the air
    eso deja muy en alto su buen nombre (CS); that has really boosted his reputation
    últimamente están con or tienen la moral bastante alta they've been in pretty high spirits lately, their morale has been pretty high recently
    a pesar de haber perdido, ha sabido mantener alto el espíritu he's managed to keep his spirits up despite losing
    Dios te está mirando allá en lo alto God is watching you from on high
    habían acampado en lo alto de la montaña they had camped high up on the mountainside
    en lo alto del árbol high up in the tree, at the top of the tree
    celebraron su triunfo por todo lo alto they celebrated their victory in style
    una boda por todo lo alto a lavish wedding
    C (en cantidad, calidad) high
    tiene la tensión or presión alta she has high blood pressure
    ha pagado un precio muy alto por su irreflexión he has paid a very high price for his rashness
    productos de alta calidad high-quality products
    [ S ] imprescindible alto dominio del inglés good knowledge of English essential
    el nivel es bastante alto en este colegio the standard is quite high in this school
    el alto índice de participación en las elecciones the high turnout in the elections
    embarazo de alto riesgo high-risk pregnancy
    tirando por lo alto at the most, at the outside
    tirando por lo alto costará unas 200 libras it will cost about 200 pounds at the most o at the outside
    D
    1 [ ESTAR] (en intensidad) ‹volumen/radio/televisión› loud
    pon la radio más alta turn the radio up
    ¡qué alta está la televisión! the television is so loud!
    2
    en voz alta or en alto aloud, out loud
    estaba pensando en voz alta I was thinking aloud o out loud
    E ( delante del n) (en importancia, trascendencia) ‹ejecutivo/dirigente/funcionario› high-ranking, top
    un militar de alto rango a high-ranking army officer
    uno de los más altos ejecutivos de la empresa one of the company's top executives
    F ( delante del n) ‹ideales› high
    tiene un alto sentido del deber she has a strong sense of duty
    es el más alto honor de mi vida it is the greatest honor I have ever had
    tiene un alto concepto or una alta opinión de ti he has a high opinion of you, he thinks very highly of you
    1 ( Ling) high
    el alto alemán High German
    2 ( Geog) upper
    el alto Aragón upper Aragon
    el Alto Paraná the Upper Paraná
    Compuestos:
    feminine upper-middle classes (pl)
    feminine haute cuisine
    feminine high comedy
    feminine haute couture, high fashion
    feminine high definition
    de or en altoa definición high-definition ( before n)
    feminine High Middle Ages (pl)
    feminine dressage
    feminine high fidelity, hi-fi
    feminine high frequency
    masculine or feminine el pesquero fue apresado en (el or la) altoa mar the trawler was seized on the high sea(s)
    se hundió cerca de la costa y no en (el or la) altoa mar it sank near the coast and not on the open sea o not out at sea
    la flota de altoa mar the deep-sea fleet
    feminine hairstyling
    fpl upper echelons (pl)
    fpl:
    las altoas finanzas high finance
    feminine high society
    fpl high pressure
    un sistema de altoas presiones a high-pressure system
    feminine high technology
    feminine high tension o voltage
    feminine high treason
    masculine (puesto) high-ranking position, important post; (persona) high-ranking official
    ● alto comisario, alta comisaria
    masculine, feminine high commissioner
    ● alto comisionado or comisariado
    masculine high commission
    masculine blast furnace
    masculine high-ranking officer
    masculine high relief, alto relievo
    masculine high voltage o tension
    A ‹volar/subir/tirar› high
    tírala más alto throw it higher
    B ‹hablar› loud, loudly
    habla más alto que no te oigo can you speak up a little o speak a bit louder, I can't hear you
    halt!
    ¡alto (ahí)! (dicho por un centinela) halt!; (dicho por un policía) stop!, stay where you are!
    ¡alto ahí! ¡eso sí que no estoy dispuesto a aceptarlo! hold on! I'm not taking that!
    ¡alto el fuego! cease fire!
    Compuesto:
    masculine ( Esp) ( Mil) cease-fire
    A
    1
    (altura): de alto high
    un muro de cuatro metros de alto a four-meter high wall
    tiene tres metros de alto por dos de ancho it's three meters high by two wide
    2 (en el terreno) high ground
    siempre se edificaban en un alto they were always built on high ground
    B
    1 (de un edificio) top floor
    viven en un alto they live in a top floor apartment o ( BrE) flat
    2 los altos mpl (CS) (en una casa) upstairs
    viven en los altos del taller they live above the workshop
    C
    (parada, interrupción): hacer un alto to stop
    hicieron un alto en el camino para almorzar they stopped off o they stopped on the way for lunch
    dar el alto a algn ( Mil) to stop sb, to order sb to halt
    D ( Méx) ( Auto)
    1 (señal de pare) stop sign
    pasarse el alto to go through the stop sign
    2 (semáforo) stoplight
    pasarse el alto to run the red light ( AmE), to jump the lights ( BrE)
    E
    1 ( Chi fam) (de cosas) pile, heap
    * * *

     

    alto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1
    a) [ser] ‹persona/edificio/árbol› tall;

    ‹pared/montaña› high;

    b) [ESTAR]:

    ◊ ¡qué alto estás! haven't you grown!;

    está tan alta como yo she's as tall as me now
    2 (indicando posición, nivel)
    a) [ser] high;


    b) [estar]:


    la marea está alta it's high tide;
    los pisos más altos the top floors;
    salgan con los brazos en alto come out with your hands in the air;
    con la moral bastante alta in pretty high spirits;
    en lo alto de la montaña high up on the mountainside;
    en lo alto del árbol high up in the tree;
    por todo lo alto in style
    3 (en cantidad, calidad) high;

    productos de alta calidad high-quality products;
    tirando por lo alto at the most
    4
    a) [estar] ( en intensidad) ‹volumen/televisión› loud;


    b) en alto or en voz alta aloud, out loud

    5 ( delante del n)
    a) (en importancia, trascendencia) ‹ejecutivo/funcionario› high-ranking, top;


    b) ‹ideales/opinión› high;



    ◊ alta burguesía sustantivo femenino

    upper-middle classes (pl);
    alta costura sustantivo femenino
    haute couture;
    alta fidelidad sustantivo femenino
    high fidelity, hi-fi;
    alta mar sustantivo femenino: en alta mar on the high seas;
    flota/pesca de alta mar deep-sea fleet/fishing;
    alta sociedad sustantivo femenino
    high society;
    alta tensión sustantivo femenino
    high tension o voltage;
    alto cargo sustantivo masculino ( puesto) high-ranking position;

    ( persona) high-ranking official;
    ◊ alto mando sustantivo masculino

    high-ranking officer
    alto 2 adverbio
    1 ‹volar/subir› high
    2 ‹ hablar› loud, loudly;

    alto 3 interjección
    halt!;
    ◊ ¡alto el fuego! cease fire!

    alto 4 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( altura)


    tiene tres metros de alto it's three meters high


    2
    a) (parada, interrupción):


    alto el fuego (Esp) (Mil) cease-fire
    b) (Méx) (Auto):



    ( un stop) to go through the stop sign
    alto,-a 2
    I adjetivo
    1 (que tiene altura: edificio, persona, ser vivo) tall
    2 (elevado) high
    3 (sonido) loud
    en voz alta, aloud, in a loud voice
    (tono) high-pitched
    4 (precio, tecnología) high
    alta tensión, high tension
    5 (antepuesto al nombre: de importancia) high-ranking, high-level: es una reunión de alto nivel, it's a high-level meeting
    alta sociedad, high society ➣ Ver nota en aloud II sustantivo masculino
    1 (altura) height: ¿cómo es de alto?, how tall/high is it?
    2 (elevación del terreno) hill
    III adverbio
    1 high, high up
    2 (sonar, hablar, etc) loud, loudly: ¡más alto, por favor!, louder, please!
    tienes que poner el horno más alto, you must turn the oven up ➣ Ver nota en high
    ♦ Locuciones: la boda se celebró por todo lo alto, the wedding was celebrated in style
    alto 1 sustantivo masculino (interrupción) stop, break
    ' alto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - así
    - barrio
    - caer
    - colmo
    - cómo
    - ella
    - fuerte
    - horno
    - listón
    - medir
    - media
    - monte
    - ojo
    - pasar
    - relativamente
    - riesgo
    - superior
    - suprimir
    - suspender
    - tacón
    - tono
    - última
    - último
    - vida
    - vocinglera
    - vocinglero
    - buzo
    - contralto
    - cuello
    - funcionario
    - grande
    - hablar
    - imaginar
    - individuo
    - lo
    - nivel
    - redondear
    - saltar
    - salto
    - subir
    - taco
    - tanto
    - todo
    - torre
    English:
    above
    - aloud
    - alto
    - arch
    - atop
    - blast-furnace
    - brass
    - ceasefire
    - discount
    - foreigner
    - gloss over
    - halt
    - height
    - high
    - high-end
    - high-level
    - high-powered
    - inflated
    - labour-intensive
    - laugh
    - lifestyle
    - loud
    - omission
    - overhead
    - overlook
    - pass down
    - pass over
    - peak
    - polo neck
    - second
    - senior
    - short
    - sing up
    - small
    - soar
    - speak up
    - stop
    - tall
    - top
    - top-level
    - top-secret
    - topmost
    - tree-house
    - turtleneck
    - unemployment
    - up
    - upper
    - uppermost
    - world
    - aloft
    * * *
    alto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona, árbol, edificio] tall;
    [montaña] high;
    es más alto que su compañero he's taller than his colleague;
    el Everest es la montaña más alta del mundo Everest is the world's highest mountain;
    ¡qué alta está tu hermana! your sister's really grown!;
    un jersey de cuello alto Br a polo neck, US a turtleneck;
    tacones o Andes, RP [m5] tacos altos high heels;
    lo alto [de lugar, objeto] the top;
    Fig [el cielo] Heaven;
    en lo alto de at the top of;
    hacer algo por todo lo alto to do sth in (great) style;
    una boda por todo lo alto a sumptuous wedding
    alto relieve high relief
    2. [indica posición elevada] high;
    [piso] top, upper;
    tu mesa es muy alta para escribir bien your desk is too high for writing comfortably;
    ¡salgan con los brazos en alto! come out with your arms raised o your hands up;
    aguántalo en alto un segundo hold it up for a second;
    tienen la moral muy alta their morale is very high;
    el portero desvió el balón por alto the keeper tipped the ball over the bar;
    de alta mar deep-sea;
    en alta mar out at sea;
    le entusiasma la alta montaña she loves mountaineering;
    equipo de alta montaña mountaineering gear;
    mantener la cabeza bien alta to hold one's head high;
    pasar algo por alto [adrede] to pass over sth;
    [sin querer] to miss sth out;
    esta vez pasaré por alto tu retraso I'll overlook the fact that you arrived late this time
    3. [cantidad, intensidad] high;
    de alta calidad high-quality;
    tengo la tensión muy alta I have very high blood pressure;
    tiene la fiebre alta her temperature is high, she has a high temperature;
    Informát
    un disco duro de alta capacidad a high-capacity hard disk;
    un televisor de alta definición a high-definition TV;
    una inversión de alta rentabilidad a highly profitable investment;
    un tren de alta velocidad a high-speed train
    alto horno blast furnace;
    altos hornos [factoría] iron and steelworks;
    Informát alta resolución high resolution;
    alta temperatura high temperature;
    alta tensión high voltage;
    Der alta traición high treason;
    alto voltaje high voltage
    4. [en una escala]
    la alta competición [en deporte] competition at the highest level;
    de alto nivel [delegación] high-level;
    un alto dirigente a high-ranking leader
    Hist la alta aristocracia the highest ranks of the aristocracy;
    alto cargo [persona] [de empresa] top manager;
    [de la administración] top-ranking official; [puesto] top position o job;
    los altos cargos del partido the party leadership;
    los altos cargos de la empresa the company's top management;
    alta cocina haute cuisine;
    Alto Comisionado High Commission;
    alta costura haute couture;
    Mil alto mando [persona] high-ranking officer; [jefatura] high command;
    alta sociedad high society
    5. [avanzado] alta fidelidad high fidelity;
    altas finanzas high finance;
    Informát de alto nivel [lenguaje] high-level;
    alta tecnología high technology
    6. [sonido, voz] loud;
    en voz alta in a loud voice;
    7. [hora] late;
    8. Geog upper;
    un crucero por el curso alto del Danubio a cruise along the upper reaches of the Danube;
    el Alto Egipto Upper Egypt
    Hist Alto Perú = name given to Bolivia during the colonial era; Antes Alto Volta Upper Volta
    9. Hist High;
    la alta Edad Media the High Middle Ages
    10. [noble] [ideales] lofty
    11. [crecido, alborotado] [río] swollen;
    [mar] rough;
    con estas lluvias el río va alto the rain has swollen the river's banks
    ♦ nm
    1. [altura] height;
    mide 2 metros de alto [cosa] it's 2 metres high;
    [persona] he's 2 metres tall
    2. [lugar elevado] height
    los Altos del Golán the Golan Heights
    3. [detención] stop;
    hacer un alto to make a stop;
    hicimos un alto en el camino para comer we stopped to have a bite to eat;
    dar el alto a alguien to challenge sb
    alto el fuego [cese de hostilidades] ceasefire;
    ¡alto el fuego! [orden] cease fire!
    4. Mús alto
    5. [voz alta]
    no se atreve a decir las cosas en alto she doesn't dare say out loud what she's thinking
    6. Andes, Méx, RP [montón] pile;
    tengo un alto de cosas para leer I have a pile o mountain of things to read
    7. CSur, Perú
    altos [de casa] upstairs Br flat o US apartment [with its own front door];
    vive en los altos de la tintorería she lives in a separate Br flat o US apartment above the dry cleaner's
    8. Méx [señal] stop sign
    ♦ adv
    1. [arriba] high (up);
    volar muy alto to fly very high
    2. [hablar] loud;
    por favor, no hables tan alto please, don't talk so loud
    ♦ interj
    halt!, stop!;
    ¡alto! ¿quién va? halt! who goes there?;
    ¡alto ahí! [en discusión] hold on a minute!;
    [a un fugitivo] stop!
    * * *
    1
    I adj persona tall; precio, número, montaña high;
    en alta mar on the high seas;
    el alto Salado the upper (reaches of the) Salado;
    los pisos altos the top floors;
    en voz alta out loud;
    a altas horas de la noche in the small hours;
    clase alta high class;
    alta calidad high quality
    II adv volar, saltar high;
    hablar alto speak loudly;
    pasar por alto overlook;
    poner más alto TV, RAD turn up;
    por todo lo alto fam lavishly;
    en alto on high ground, high up;
    llegar alto go far
    III m
    1 ( altura) height;
    dos metros de alto two meters high
    2 Chi
    pile
    3
    :
    los altos de Golán GEOG the Golan Heights
    2 m
    1 halt;
    ¡alto! halt!;
    dar el alto a alguien order s.o. to stop;
    ¡alto ahí! stop right there!
    2 ( pausa) pause;
    * * *
    alto adv
    1) : high
    2) : loud, loudly
    alto, -ta adj
    1) : tall, high
    2) : loud
    en voz alta: aloud, out loud
    alto nm
    1) altura: height, elevation
    2) : stop, halt
    3) altos nmpl
    : upper floors
    alto interj
    : halt!, stop!
    * * *
    alto1 adj
    1. (en general) high
    2. (persona, edificio, árbol) tall
    3. (sonido, voz) loud
    alto2 adv
    1. (volar, subir) high
    2. (hablar) loudly
    alto3 n (altura) height

    Spanish-English dictionary > alto

  • 6 haut

    haut, e [ˈo, ˈot]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. high ; [herbe, arbre, édifice] tall
    • avoir une haute opinion de soi-même to have a high opinion of o.s.
    • être haut en couleur ( = rougeaud) to have a high colour ; ( = coloré, pittoresque) to be colourful
    2. <
    • combien fait-il de haut ? how high is it?
       b. ( = partie supérieure) top
    • « haut » "this way up"
       c. ( = vêtement) top
       d. (locutions)
    • être au plus haut (dans les sondages) [personne] to be riding high ; [cote, popularité] to be at its peak
    • prendre qn de haut to look down on sb► de haut en bas, du haut en bas [couvrir, fouiller] from top to bottom ; [s'ouvrir] from the top downwards
    • en haut de [+ immeuble, escalier, côte, écran] at the top of
    3. <
    4. <
    5. <
       a. ( = en hauteur) [monter, sauter, voler] high
    • haut les mains ! hands up!
       b. ( = fort) lire tout haut to read aloud
       c. ( = dans les aigus) monter haut to hit the top notes
       e. ( = en arrière) voir plus haut see above
    6. <
    * * *

    1.
    haute ’o, ’ot adjectif
    1) [montagne, mur, talon] high; [arbre, monument] tall; [herbe] long, tall

    attention, la première marche est haute — be careful, the first step is steep

    3) ( dans une échelle de valeurs) [température, salaires, précision] high; [note, ton] high, high-pitched
    4) ( dans une hiérarchie) (before n) [personnage, poste] high-ranking; [clergé, magistrat] senior; [société] high; [responsabilités] big; [dirigeant, responsable] senior, high-ranking

    haut Comité/Conseil — National Committee/Council

    5) Géographie upper

    2.
    1) ( à un niveau élevé) [monter, voler] high
    2) ( dans le temps) far back
    4) ( fort) loudly

    parler haut et clair — fig to speak unambiguously


    3.
    nom masculin
    1) ( partie élevée) top
    2) ( hauteur)

    faire 50 mètres de haut — to be 50 metres [BrE] high


    4.
    en haut locution ( à l'étage supérieur) upstairs; ( à un étage supérieur) on an upper floor; (de rideau, mur, page) at the top; (le ciel, le paradis) above

    passer par en haut — ( par la route) to take the top road

    les voleurs sont entrés par en haut — ( par l'étage) the thieves got in upstairs


    5.
    hauts nom masculin pluriel Géographie heights
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    voir les choses de haut — ( avec sérénité) to have a detached view of things

    avoir or connaître des hauts et des bas — to have one's ups and downs

    l'emporter or gagner or vaincre haut la main — to win hands down

    prendre quelqu'un de haut — to look down one's nose at somebody; cri, pavé

    * * *
    'o, 'ot haut, -e
    1. adj
    1) (situation) high

    plus haut (en altitude, sur un mur) — higher up, further up, (dans un texte) above

    3) (son, ton, voix) high, high-pitched

    à haute voix — aloud, out loud

    haut en couleur (chose) — colourful Grande-Bretagne colorful USA brightly coloured Grande-Bretagne brightly colored USA (personnage) colourful Grande-Bretagne colorful USA

    2. adv
    1) [situé, placé] high

    en haut (dans une armoire, sur une pente) — at the top, (dans une maison) upstairs

    La salle de bain est en haut. — The bathroom is upstairs.

    Le nid est tout en haut de l'arbre. — The nest is right at the top of the tree.

    tomber de haut — to fall from a height, figto come back to earth with a bump

    dire qch tout haut — to say sth aloud, to say sth out loud

    4)

    haut les mains! — hands up!, stick 'em up! *

    3. nm

    Le haut de l'immeuble a été endommagé. — The top of the building was damaged., The upper floors of the building were damaged.

    de haut en bas (mouvement) — downwards, (en intégralité) from top to bottom

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ⇒ Les mesures de longueur ( étendu verticalement) [montagne, mur, talon] high; [arbre, monument, bâtiment] tall; [herbe] long, tall; homme de haute taille tall man; un objet plus haut que large an object that is higher than it is wide; un bâtiment haut de 20 étages a building 20 storeys GB ou stories US high, a 20-storey GB ou 20-story US building; un mât haut de 10 mètres a mast ten metresGB high, a ten-metreGB mast; plus haut/moins haut que higher/lower than; l'immeuble dans lequel il habite est très haut he lives in a block of high-rise flats GB ou a high-rise apartment block US; attention, la première marche est haute be careful, the first step is steep;
    2 ( situé en altitude) high; une haute branche a high branch; la partie haute d'un bâtiment/mur/arbre the top part of a building/wall/tree; l'étagère la plus haute the top shelf; une robe à taille haute a high-waisted dress;
    3 ( dans une échelle de valeurs) [fréquence, pression, température, prix, capacité, précision] high; [note, ton] high, high-pitched; les hauts salaires/revenus high salaries/incomes; parler à haute voix to speak loudly; dire/lire qch à haute voix to say/read sth out loud; jouer une carte plus haute to play a higher card; être à haut risque to be very risky; être du plus haut ridicule to be highly ridiculous; au plus haut point immensely, intensely; aimer qch au plus haut point to like sth immensely; produit de haute qualité high-quality product; avoir une haute opinion de qn/soi-même to have a high opinion of sb/oneself; tenir qn en haute estime to hold sb in high esteem ou regard;
    4 ( dans une hiérarchie) (before n) [personnage, situation, poste] high-ranking; [clergé, magistrat] senior; [société, rang] high; [responsabilités] big; [dirigeant, responsable] senior, high-ranking; les plus hautes instances the highest authorities; bénéficier de hautes protections to have friends in high places; le haut Comité/Conseil pour the National Committee/Council for; haute surveillance close supervision;
    5 Géog upper; la haute Égypte Upper Egypt; le haut Nil the Upper Nile;
    6 Hist dater de la plus haute antiquité to date from earliest antiquity; le haut Moyen Âge the early Middle Ages.
    B adv
    1 ( à un niveau élevé) [monter, s'élever, voler, sauter] high; voler très haut dans le ciel to fly high in the sky; un personnage haut placé a person in a high position; viser trop haut to aim too high; la lune est haut dans le ciel the moon is high up in the sky; haut perché sur perched high on; le plus haut the highest; sauter le plus haut to jump the highest; de haut from above;
    2 ( dans le temps) far back; aussi haut qu'on remonte dans l'antiquité however far back in history we go;
    3 ( dans un texte) plus haut above; comme indiqué plus haut as noted above; colle-le plus haut sur la page stick it higher up on the page; voir plus haut see above;
    4 ( fort) loudly; parler haut to talk loudly; parlez moins haut! keep your voice down!; parlez plus haut! speak up!; dire qch bien haut to say sth loud(ly); mettre la radio plus haut to turn the radio up; tout haut out loud; parler haut et clair fig to speak unambiguously; ne dire or n'avoir jamais un mot plus haut que l'autre never to raise one's voice.
    C nm
    1 ( partie élevée) top; le haut du mur the top of the wall; le haut du visage the top part of the face; le haut du corps the top half of the body; dans le haut (de) at the top (of); l'appartement/l'étagère du haut the top flat/shelf; les pièces du haut the upstairs rooms; sur le haut de la colline/côte at the top of the hill/slope; commencer par le haut to start at the top; prendre qch par le haut to get hold of the top of sth; du haut de from the top of; de or du haut en bas from top to bottom; parler du haut d'un balcon/d'une tribune to speak from a balcony/a platform; le haut de son maillot de bain the top of her swimsuit;
    2 ( hauteur) mesurer or faire 50 mètres de haut to be 50 metresGB high; une tour de 35 m de haut a 35 m tower; être à son plus haut to be at its highest level.
    D en haut loc ( à l'étage supérieur) upstairs; ( à un étage supérieur) on an upper floor; (de rideau, mur, page) at the top; (le ciel, le paradis) above; le bruit vient d'en haut the noise is coming from above; tout en haut right at the top; jusqu'en haut up to the top, right to the top; passer par en haut ( par la route) to take the top road; les voleurs sont entrés par en haut ( par l'étage) the thieves got in upstairs; ordre qui vient d'en haut order from the top; mettez la date en haut de la page à droite put the date in the top right-hand corner of the page.
    E hauts nmpl Géog heights; les hauts de Meuse the heights of the Meuse.
    F haute○ nf upper crust○; fréquenter les gens de la haute to rub shoulders with the upper crust.
    haut en couleur [personnage, tableau, texte] colourfulGB; haut fait heroic deed; haut fonctionnaire senior civil servant; haut lieu de centreGB of ou for; en haut lieu in high places; une décision prise en haut lieu a decision taken at a high level; haut plateau high plateau; haute définition TV high definition; télévision (à) haute définition high definition TV; écran à haute définition graphique Ordinat screen with high resolution graphics; haute école lit, Équit haute école, classical equitation; c'est un exercice de haute école fig it's a very advanced exercise; haute mer Naut open sea; Haute Cour (de Justice) High Court of Justice; hautes eaux high water (sg); hautes sphères high social circles; hautes terres Géog highlands; hautes voiles Naut upper sails; hauts fourneaux blast furnace.
    marcher la tête haute to walk with one's head held high; prendre or regarder or voir les choses de haut ( sans s'arrêter aux détails) to see things in broad terms; ( avec sérénité) to have a detached view of things; tomber de haut to be dumbfounded; regarder qn de haut en bas to look sb up and down; avoir or connaître des hauts et des bas to have one's ups and downs; haut les mains! hands up!; l'emporter or gagner or vaincre haut la main to win hands down; prendre qn/qch de haut to look down one's nose at sb/sth; ⇒ cri, pavé.
    ( féminin haute) [ʼo, ʼot] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [ʼot]) adjectif
    1. [de grande dimension] high, tall
    les hautes colonnes du temple the lofty ou towering columns of the temple
    BOTANIQUE [tige, tronc] tall
    [qui a poussé] high
    2. [d'une certaine dimension]
    3. [situé en hauteur] high
    4. [extrême, intense] high
    5. [dans une hiérarchie] high, top (avant nom)
    de haut niveau top-level, high-level
    la haute coiffure haute coiffure, designer hairdressing
    de hautes études commerciales/militaires advanced business/military studies
    les hauts fonctionnaires top ou top-ranking civil servants
    6. [dans une échelle de valeurs] high
    tenir quelqu'un/quelque chose en haute estime to hold somebody/something in high esteem
    7. BOURSE & COMMERCE high
    8. MUSIQUE & PHONÉTIQUE high
    ————————
    adverbe
    1. [dans l'espace] high
    2. [dans le temps] far (back)
    [dans un livre]
    3. [fort, avec puissance]
    parlez plus haut speak up, speak louder
    dites-le haut et clair ou bien haut tell (it to) everyone, say it out loud
    5. [dans une hiérarchie] high
    6. BOURSE & COMMERCE high
    ————————
    nom masculin
    1. [partie supérieure] top
    [sur une caisse, un emballage]
    ‘haut’ ‘(this way ou side) up’
    2. [vêtement & gén] top
    [de robe] bodice
    3. [hauteur]
    a. [chuter] to fall headlong
    c. [être surpris] to be flabbergasted
    ————————
    hauts nom masculin pluriel
    1. [dans des noms de lieux] heights
    avoir ou connaître des hauts et des bas to have one's ups and downs
    ————————
    haute nom féminin
    de haut locution adverbiale
    1. [avec détachement] casually, unconcernedly
    prendre ou regarder ou voir les choses de haut to look at things with an air of detachment
    2. [avec mépris]
    a. [être surpris] to be flabbergasted
    de haut en bas locution adverbiale
    1. [sans mouvement] from top to bottom
    2. [avec mouvement, vers le bas] from top to bottom, downwards
    3. [avec mépris]
    regarder ou considérer quelqu'un de haut en bas to look somebody up and down
    d'en haut locution adverbiale
    1. [depuis la partie élevée] from above
    du haut locution adjectivale
    a. [de la partie haute du village] the people up the top end (of the village)
    b. [des étages supérieurs] the people upstairs
    du haut de locution prépositionnelle
    1. [depuis la partie élevée de - échelle, colline] from the top of
    en haut locution adverbiale
    1. [à l'étage supérieur] upstairs
    2. [dans la partie élevée] at the top
    3. [en l'air] up in the sky
    en haut de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > haut

  • 7 alto

    1. adj high
    persona tall
    a voce alta in a loud voice
    leggere aloud
    in alto at the top
    moto up
    a notte alta in the middle of the night
    2. m top
    * * *
    alto agg.
    1 high; ( di statura) tall; ( di spessore) thick: quella torre è molto alta, that tower is very high; il monte è alto 2114 metri, the mountain is 2114 metres high; il ragazzo è alto per la sua età, the boy is tall for his age; una bistecca bella alta, a really thick steak // il sole era alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was high above the horizon // andare a testa alta, to hold one's head high // tenere alto il morale, to keep one's morale high
    2 ( profondo) deep: qui l'acqua è alta, the water is deep here
    3 ( di tessuto) wide: questa stoffa è alta 140 cm, this material is 140 cm wide
    4 ( di suono) ( acuto) high, shrill; ( forte) loud: parlare a voce alta, to speak in a loud voice (o loudly)
    5 ( elevato) high: il prezzo mi sembra molto alto, the price seems very high to me // (econ.): alto costo, expensiveness; alta congiuntura, boom // (med.) pressione alta, high pressure
    6 (fig.) ( nobile, sublime) high, excellent; noble; un gesto di alta generosità, a very generous gesture; un uomo di alti sentimenti, a man of noble character; avere un'alta opinione di qlcu., to have a high (o excellent) opinion of s.o. // tenere alto il proprio nome, la propria reputazione, to keep one's (good) reputation
    7 (fig.) ( di classe, di importanza) high; ( di grado) high-ranking, top: l'alta società, high society; l'alta finanza, high finance; l'alta matematica, higher mathematics; le classi alte, upper classes; un alto funzionario, a high-ranking (o top) official; l'alta direzione, top management; alti studi, advanced studies // l'alta stagione, the high season // alto tradimento, high treason
    8 (geogr.) northern, upper: Alta Italia, Northern Italy; Alta Lombardia, Upper Lombardy
    9 (st.) early: alto Medioevo, early Middle Ages
    10 ( di tempo) late: la Pasqua è alta quest'anno, Easter is late this year // a giorno alto, a notte alta, late in the day, in the night
    ◆ s.m.
    1 height, top // gli alti e bassi della vita, the ups and downs of life (o the vicissitudes of life) // un ordine venuto dall'alto, an order from the top // far cadere una cosa dall'alto, to do (o to give) sthg. condescendingly // guardare qlcu. dall'alto in basso, to look down on s.o.
    2 ( cielo) heaven: un'ispirazione venuta dall' alto, an inspiration from heaven above.
    alto avv.
    1 high; above, up; volare alto, to fly high; mirare alto, to aim high // mani in alto!, hands up!
    2 ( ad alta voce) aloud, loudly: proclamare alto che..., to proclaim loudly that...
    3 (letter.) ( nobilmente) nobly.
    * * *
    ['alto] alto (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (gen) high, tall
    2) (suono: elevato) high(-pitched), (forte) loud

    ad alta voce — out loud, aloud

    abbassa un po', è troppo alto — turn it down a bit, it's too loud

    3) (fig : elevato: carica, dignitario) high, (sentimenti, pensieri) lofty, noble

    avere un'alta opinione di sé — to have a high opinion of o.s.

    4) (profondo: acqua) deep
    5) Geog
    6) (largo: tessuto) wide
    2. sm
    (parte superiore) top (part)

    in alto — up

    dall'alto in o al basso — up and down

    3. avv
    (volare) high

    "alto" — (su casse di imballaggio) "this side up"

    4.
    * * *
    ['alto] 1.
    1) (di altezza considerevole) [montagna, muro, tacco] high; [albero, monumento, edificio, erba] tall; [ neve] deep; (profondo) [ acqua] deep; (spesso) [ strato] thick

    la parte -a di — the top part of [edificio, muro]

    4) (in una scala di valori) [temperatura, pressione, densità, voto, prezzo, reddito] high

    avere un'-a opinione di qcn. — to have a high opinion of sb

    5) (forte) [voce, suono] loud

    a voce -a — [leggere, pensare] aloud, in a loud voice; [ parlare] loudly

    6) mus. (acuto) [nota, tonalità] high(-pitched)

    di alto rango — of high rank, high-ranking

    9) (nobile) [ principio] high, noble
    10) geogr. upper
    2.
    sostantivo maschile

    "alto" — (sugli imballaggi) "this side up"

    3) dall'alto from above, from the top, from on high
    3.
    avverbio [volare, saltare] high

    alto dirigente — top o senior manager

    alto funzionario — high-ranking official, senior officer

    alto mare — high o open sea

    - a definizione — telev. high definition

    - a marea — high tide o water

    - a moda — haute couture, high fashion

    - a pressione — meteor. high pressure

    - a stagione — peak o high season

    - a tensione — el. high tension o voltage

    - a uniforme — dress uniform, formal o full dress

    - a velocità — ferr. high speed

    ••

    guardare qcn. dall'alto in basso — to eye sb. up and down, to look down on sb. o down one's nose at sb.

    avere degli -i e bassi — to have one's ups and downs; econ. to have peaks and troughs

    andare a testa -a — to walk tall o with one's head held high

    * * *
    alto
    /'alto/
     1 (di altezza considerevole) [montagna, muro, tacco] high; [albero, monumento, edificio, erba] tall; [ neve] deep; (profondo) [ acqua] deep; (spesso) [ strato] thick; un muro alto 5 metri a five-metre high wall
     2 (di statura elevata) [ persona] tall; quanto sei alto? how tall are you? what's your height? sono alto un metro e sessanta I'm one metre sixty (tall)
     3 (in posizione elevata) la parte -a di the top part of [edificio, muro]; lo scaffale più alto the top shelf; la città -a the upper town; il sole è alto sull'orizzonte the sun is high above the horizon
     4 (in una scala di valori) [temperatura, pressione, densità, voto, prezzo, reddito] high; avere un'-a opinione di qcn. to have a high opinion of sb.
     5 (forte) [voce, suono] loud; a voce -a [leggere, pensare] aloud, in a loud voice; [ parlare] loudly
     6 mus. (acuto) [nota, tonalità] high(-pitched)
     7 (in una gerarchia) di alto rango of high rank, high-ranking; il ceto alto the upper class(es)
     8 (nel tempo) l'alto Medioevo the early Middle Ages
     9 (nobile) [ principio] high, noble
     10 geogr. upper; l'Alta Italia Northern Italy; Alto Egitto Upper Egypt
     1 (parte superiore) top; "alto" (sugli imballaggi) "this side up"
     2 in alto guardare in alto to look up; nell'angolo in alto a sinistra in the top left-hand corner; mirare troppo in alto to aim too high (anche fig.)
     3 dall'alto from above, from the top, from on high
     [volare, saltare] high
    guardare qcn. dall'alto in basso to eye sb. up and down, to look down on sb. o down one's nose at sb.; - i e bassi ups and downs; avere degli -i e bassi to have one's ups and downs; econ. to have peaks and troughs; mani in alto! hands up! andare a testa -a to walk tall o with one's head held high
    \
    alto dirigente top o senior manager; alto funzionario high-ranking official, senior officer; alto mare high o open sea; alto tradimento high treason; - a definizione telev. high definition; - a fedeltà high-fidelity; - a finanza high finance; - a marea high tide o water; - a moda haute couture, high fashion; - a pressione meteor. high pressure; - a società high society; - a stagione peak o high season; - a tensione el. high tension o voltage; - a uniforme dress uniform, formal o full dress; - a velocità ferr. high speed.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > alto

  • 8 tipo

    m.
    1 guy, chap, fellow, character.
    2 type, category, kind, class.
    Un nuevo orden de dificultad A new kind of difficulty.
    3 letter type, type.
    * * *
    1 (clase) type, kind
    2 FINANZAS rate
    3 ANATOMÍA (de hombre) build, physique; (de mujer) figure
    4 familiar (persona) guy, fellow, bloke
    \
    aguantar el tipo figurado to keep cool, keep calm
    dar el tipo figurado to fit a description, fit the bill
    jugarse el tipo figurado to risk one's neck
    tener buen tipo (hombre) to be well-built 2 (mujer) to have a good figure
    todo tipo de all kind of, all kinds of
    tipo de cambio FINANZAS rate of exchange
    tipo de interés FINANZAS rate of interest
    tipo raro weirdo, oddball
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) type
    2) kind, sort
    •
    2. (f. - tipa)
    noun
    guy / gal
    * * *
    tipo, -a
    1.
    SM / F * (=individuo) (=hombre) guy *, bloke *; (=mujer) chick *, bird *, dame (EEUU) *

    ¿quién es ese tipo? — who's that guy o bloke? *

    tipa
    2. SM
    1) (=clase) type, kind, sort

    un coche de otro tipo pero del mismo precio — a different type o kind o sort of car but for the same price

    todo tipo de... — all sorts o kinds of...

    2) (Bot, Literat, Zool) type
    3) (Com, Econ) rate

    tipo bancario, tipo base — base rate

    4) (=figura, cuerpo) [de hombre] build; [de mujer] figure

    tener buen tipo — [hombre] to be well built; [mujer] to have a good figure

    5) (Tip) type
    3. ADJ INV
    1) (=similar a)
    2) (=típico) average, typical

    dos conductores tipo — two average o typical drivers

    * * *
    I
    - pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) woman
    II
    1) ( clase) kind, type, sort
    2)
    a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physique

    jugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)

    b) ( aspecto) appearance

    dar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type

    3) (Fin) rate
    4) (Impr) type
    5) (como adj inv) typical

    una serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series

    6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    * * *
    I
    - pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) woman
    II
    1) ( clase) kind, type, sort
    2)
    a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physique

    jugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)

    b) ( aspecto) appearance

    dar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type

    3) (Fin) rate
    4) (Impr) type
    5) (como adj inv) typical

    una serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series

    6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    * * *
    tipo1
    1 = category, class, degree, form, kind, nature, sort, type, ilk, stripe.

    Ex: For some categories of materials it can be difficult to distinguish publishers from distributors and/or producers.

    Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.
    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.
    Ex: Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.
    Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.
    Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.
    Ex: Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.
    Ex: The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.
    * algún tipo de = some, some sort of.
    * algún tipo de + Nombre = one kind of + Nombre + or another.
    * almuerzo tipo bufé = lunch buffet, buffet lunch.
    * asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.
    * con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * de algún tipo = of some description.
    * de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.
    * de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.
    * de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.
    * de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.
    * del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.
    * de tipo general = broad scoped.
    * de tipo medio = middle-range.
    * de todos los tipos = of all stripes.
    * de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description.
    * de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].
    * diabetes del tipo 2 = type 2 diabetes.
    * el tipo de = the range of.
    * ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.
    * este tipo de = such.
    * este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.
    * examen tipo test = multiple choice test.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.
    * índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.
    * mismo tipo de = same range of.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.
    * Nombre + de este tipo = such + Nombre.
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de los tipos de interés = interest-rate cut.
    * reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.
    * relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).
    * sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * tipo de cuidado = nasty piece of work.
    * tipo de gravamen = tax rate.
    * tipo de gravamen marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.
    * tipo de interés = interest rate.
    * tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.
    * tipo de persona = public.
    * tipo de resumen = abstracting format.
    * tipo de servicio = style of service.
    * tipo fiscal = tax rate.
    * tipo fiscal marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo impositivo = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket.
    * tipo impositivo marginal = marginal tax rate.
    * tipo noticias = news-type.
    * tipo preferencial = preferential rate.
    * tipo preferente = preferential rate.
    * tipo publicitario = display type.
    * tipos como = the likes of.
    * tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * tipos reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut.
    * tipo televisor = television-type.
    * todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.
    * todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.
    * un tipo de = a kind of.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.
    * y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.

    tipo2
    2 = font, face, type, fount.
    Nota: Un grupo de caracteres tipográficos de un tamaño determinado, como por ejemplo Roman 8.

    Ex: No longer is the user constrained to a supplied set of fonts.

    Ex: The demand for the old faces came to an abrupt end and the founders withdrew them from sale, some even destroying the old punches and matrices as so much scrap.
    Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    Ex: Incunabulists, indeed, work on the assumption that a fount belonging to a fifteenth-century printer was unique to him, which is likely to be true enough of the fount as cast, but is not necessarily true of its punches.
    * altura del tipo movible = height-to-paper, type height.
    * diseñador de tipos = type designer.
    * diseño de tipos = type design [type-design].
    * fundición de tipos = typefounding.
    * fundidor de tipos = punch-cutter [punchcutter], type-founder [typefounder], cutter of type.
    * fundir tipos = cast + type.
    * machacar los tipos = batter + type.
    * máquina fundidora de tipos = typecasting machine.
    * taller de fundición de tipos = type-foundry.
    * tipo autoespaciador = self-spacing type.
    * tipo decorativo = display type.
    * tipo de imprenta = book face, printing type, type.
    * tipo de letra = type face [typeface], typing, type font [typefont], fount, type specimen [type-specimen], fount of type.
    * tipo fundido = cast type.
    * tipo movible = punch.
    * tipo movible de acento = accent punch.
    * tipo móvil = moveable type.
    * tipos móviles = movable type.

    tipo3
    3 = fellow, chap, guy, dude, joker, bloke.
    Nota: Coloquial.

    Ex: From the skimming he had given their writings he knew that something like a chemical agent was working in Balzac's defenseless mind, and that the hapless fellow was trying not to succumb to it.

    Ex: In practice, however, such democratic attitudes among the mighty seem to have as little effect on the behaviour of those who serve them as did the remark made by King George V at his Jubilee in 1935, 'I'm really quite an ordinary sort of chap'.
    Ex: The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex: This is one of those movies that preaches nonviolence, even as the good guy is knocking the hell out of a few dozen dudes.
    Ex: Then I followed these two jokers to a liquor store where they got them some alchy.
    Ex: The blokes don't bat an eyelid that you're a girl -- they take no prisoners when they're trying to get the ball!.
    * jugarse el tipo (por) = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for).
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

    * * *
    tipo1 -pa
    masculine, feminine
    1 ( fam) ( masculine) guy ( colloq); ( feminine) woman
    me parece una tipa sensacional I think she's an amazing woman
    2 ( pey) ( masculine) guy ( colloq), character ( pej), woman, female ( colloq pej)
    ¿pero qué se habrá creído este tipo? but who does this guy o character think he is?
    A (clase) kind, type, sort
    tiene todo tipo de herramientas en el taller he has all kinds of tools in his workshop
    ¿qué tipo de música te gusta más? what sort of music do you like best?
    es muy simpático, pero no es mi tipo he's very nice, but he's not my type
    B ( Bot, Zool) type; (en antropología) type
    C
    1 (figura — de una mujer) figure; (de un hombre) physique
    aguantar or mantener el tipo ( Esp); to put on a brave face
    jugarse el tipo ( Esp); to risk one's neck
    lucir el tipo ( Esp); to parade around
    2 (aspecto) appearance
    será conde, pero no tiene tipo de aristócrata he may well be a count, but he doesn't look like an aristocrat
    una mujer de tipo distinguido a distinguished-looking woman
    dar el tipo ( Esp); to be the type
    no parece que dé el tipo he doesn't seem the type
    D ( Fin) rate
    Compuestos:
    exchange rate
    cross exchange rate
    ● tipo de interés preferencial or preferente
    prime rate
    E ( Impr) type
    F ( como adj inv) typical
    el/la profesional tipo the typical o average professional person
    exámenes tipo specimen papers
    una serie tipo Dallas a Dallas-type series
    G ( como adv) (CS fam) around, about
    vénganse tipo cuatro come around o about four o'clock
    * * *

     

    tipo 1
    ◊ -pa sustantivo masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq);


    (f) woman
    tipo 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 ( clase) kind, type, sort;

    no es mi tipo he's not my type
    2 ( figura — de mujer) figure;
    (— de hombre) physique
    3 ( como adv) (CS fam) around, about;

    tipo sustantivo masculino
    1 (modelo, clase) type, kind, sort: María no es mi tipo, Maria isn't my type
    me gusta ese tipo de gente, I like that kind of people
    no es de ese tipo de personas, he's not that sort of person
    ese tipo de coche, that type o kind of car
    2 fam (individuo) guy, bloke, fellow
    tipo raro, weirdo
    un buen tipo, a good sort
    un tipo simpático, a nice chap
    3 (constitución física) build, physique
    (de mujer) figure: tiene buen tipo, she has a good figure
    4 Econ rate
    tipo de cambio, exchange rate
    tipo de descuento, bank rate
    tipo de interés, interest rate
    5 Tip (de letra) type
    Tip Inform font
    ♦ Locuciones: dar el tipo, to live up to other people's expectations
    figurado jugarse el tipo, to risk one's neck
    mantener o aguantar el tipo, to keep one's cool
    ' tipo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    beneficio
    - callada
    - callado
    - cambiar
    - catalogar
    - clase
    - cuidada
    - cuidado
    - delgada
    - delgado
    - desbordar
    - determinada
    - determinado
    - elemento
    - especie
    - estaquilla
    - fibra
    - fiebre
    - género
    - índole
    - lectura
    - macanuda
    - macanudo
    - más
    - mina
    - naturaleza
    - orden
    - puñetera
    - puñetero
    - scud
    - sedán
    - silueta
    - speed
    - suerte
    - tan
    - antipático
    - corriente
    - cuate
    - divertido
    - forma
    - fresco
    - fulano
    - grande
    - individuo
    - interés
    - interesar
    - loco
    - particular
    - pata
    - pesado
    English:
    ale
    - all
    - arrogant
    - bloke
    - boogie
    - brand
    - build
    - chap
    - class
    - clause
    - crook
    - current
    - delicatessen
    - deposit
    - description
    - duck
    - dude
    - exchange rate
    - figure
    - flaky
    - flat
    - form
    - freely
    - going
    - guy
    - high tops
    - individual
    - interest rate
    - kid
    - kind
    - lending
    - LIBOR
    - marmalade
    - muffin
    - neck
    - neither
    - nut
    - open
    - prime rate
    - rate
    - send down
    - shapely
    - sort
    - suited
    - survey
    - tax bracket
    - tough
    - trim
    - type
    - typeface
    * * *
    tipo, -a
    ♦ nm,f
    Fam [hombre] guy, Br bloke; [mujer] woman; [mujer joven] girl
    ♦ nm
    1. [clase] type, sort;
    no es mi tipo he's not my type;
    todo tipo de all sorts of;
    vinieron personas de todo tipo all sorts of people came;
    no me gustan las películas de ese tipo I don't like movies like that o those sorts of movies
    2. [cuerpo] [de mujer] figure;
    [de hombre] build;
    tiene muy buen tipo she has a very good body;
    Fam
    jugarse el tipo to risk one's neck;
    Fam
    aguantar o [m5] mantener el tipo to keep one's cool, not to lose one's head;
    dar el tipo to be up to standard o scratch
    3. Econ rate
    tipo básico [de interés] base rate; [de impuestos] basic rate;
    tipo de cambio exchange rate, rate of exchange;
    tipo de descuento discount rate;
    tipo impositivo tax rate;
    tipo de interés interest rate;
    tipo de interés fijo fixed interest rate;
    tipo de interés variable variable o floating interest rate;
    tipo marginal marginal rate;
    tipo mínimo minimum rate;
    tipo preferencial prime (lending) rate
    4. Imprenta type
    5. Biol type
    ♦ adj inv
    1. [estándar]
    el boliviano/la dieta tipo the average Bolivian/diet
    2.
    un pantalón tipo pitillo a pair of drainpipe trousers;
    una película tipo Rambo a Rambo-style movie
    ♦ adv
    RP Fam [aproximadamente] like;
    llegaron tipo nueve they arrived at, like, nine o'clock;
    se casó hace tipo cinco años she got married something like five years ago
    * * *
    m
    1 type, kind;
    no es mi tipo he’s not my type
    2 fam
    persona guy fam
    3 COM rate
    4
    :
    tener buen tipo de hombre be well built; de mujer have a good figure;
    jugarse el tipo fam risk one’s neck;
    aguantar el tipo fam keep one’s cool
    * * *
    tipo nm
    1) clase: type, kind, sort
    2) : figure, build, appearance
    3) : rate
    tipo de interés: interest rate
    4) : (printing) type, typeface
    5) : style, model
    un vestido tipo 60's: a 60's-style dress
    tipo, -pa n, fam : guy m, gal f, character
    * * *
    tipo n
    1. (clase) type / kind / sort
    ¿qué tipo de coche quieres? what sort of car do you want?
    2. (de mujer) figure
    es modelo, tiene buen tipo she's a model, she's got a good figure
    3. (de hombre) body
    4. (individuo) guy / bloke

    Spanish-English dictionary > tipo

  • 9 mucho

    adj.
    a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.
    adv.
    1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.
    2 very often, too often.
    m.
    a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.
    * * *
    1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much
    ■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money
    ■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?
    2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many
    ■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses
    ■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?
    ■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold
    ■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty
    3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many
    1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many
    1 (de cantidad) a lot, much
    ■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse
    ■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much
    ■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good
    ■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later
    \
    como mucho at the most
    con mucho by far
    muy mucho familiar very much so
    ni con mucho nowhere near as
    ni mucho menos far from
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    1. (f. - mucha)
    adj.
    many, much, a lot of, plenty of
    2. adv.
    much, a lot
    - con mucho
    - mucho tiempo     3. (f. - mucha)
    pron.
    many, much, a lot
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en singular] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, much

    tengo mucho dinero — I have a lot of o lots of money

    había mucha gente — there were a lot of o lots of people there

    ¿tienes mucho trabajo? — do you have a lot of o much work?

    2) [en plural] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, many

    muchas personas creen que no — a lot of o lots of people don't think so

    ¿había muchos niños en el parque? — were there a lot of o many children in the park?

    3) * [con singular colectivo]

    había mucho borracho — there were a lot of o lots of drunks there

    hay mucho tonto suelto — there are a lot of o lots of idiots around

    mucho beso, pero luego me critica por la espalda — she's all kisses, but then she criticizes me behind my back

    4) (=demasiado)

    es mucha mujer para ti — * that woman is too much for you

    esta es mucha casa para nosotros — * this house is too big for us

    2. PRON
    1) [en singular]
    a) [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, much

    ¿has aprendido mucho en este trabajo? — have you learnt a lot o much from this job?

    -¿cuánto vino queda? -mucho — "how much wine is left?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    b) [referido a tiempo] long

    ¿te vas a quedar mucho? — are you staying long?

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — will it be long till we arrive?

    -¿cuánto nos queda para acabar? -mucho — "how long till we finish?" - "ages"

    hace mucho que no salgo a bailar — it's a long time o ages since I went out dancing

    2) [en plural] [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, many

    son muchos los que no quieren — there are a lot o lots who don't want to

    muchos dicen que... — a lot of o lots of o many people say that...

    muchos de los ausentes — many of o a lot of those absent

    -¿hay manzanas? -sí, pero no muchas — "are there any apples?" - "yes, but not many o not a lot"

    ¿vinieron muchos? — did many o a lot of people come?

    -¿cuántos había? -muchos — "how many were there?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    3. ADV
    1) (=en gran cantidad) a lot

    me gusta mucho el jazz — I really like jazz, I like jazz a lot

    sí señor, me gusta y mucho — I do indeed like it and I like it a lot

    - son 75 euros -es mucho — "that will be 75 euros" - "that's a lot"

    lo siento mucho — I'm very o really sorry

    ¡mucho lo sientes tú! — * a fat lot you care! *

    • mucho antes — long before

    • mucho más — much o a lot more

    • mucho menos — much o a lot less

    • muy mucho, se guardará muy mucho de hacerlo — * he'll jolly well be careful not to do it *

    • si no es mucho pedir — if that's not asking too much

    • pensárselo mucho, se lo pensó mucho antes de contestar — he thought long and hard about it before replying

    • mucho peor — much o a lot worse

    2) [en respuestas]

    -¿estás cansado? -¡mucho! — "are you tired?" - "I certainly am!"

    -¿te gusta? -no mucho — "do you like it?" - "not really"

    3) [otras locuciones]

    • como mucho — at (the) most

    • con mucho — by far, far and away

    fue, con mucho, el mejor — he was by far the best, he was far and away the best

    no se puede comparar, ni con mucho, a ninguna de nuestras ideas — it bears no comparison at all o you can't begin to compare it with any of our ideas

    • cuando mucho — frm at (the) most

    • tener a algn en mucho — to think highly of sb

    • ni mucho menos, Juan no es ni mucho menos el que era — Juan is nothing like the man he was

    mi intención no era insultarte, ni mucho menos — I in no way intended to insult you, I didn't intend to insult you, far from it

    • por mucho que, por mucho que estudies — however hard you study

    por mucho que lo quieras no debes mimarlo — no matter how much you love him, you shouldn't spoil him

    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex. 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex. Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex. Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex. Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex. For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex. The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex. His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    ----
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.
    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

    Ex: Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex: 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex: Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex: Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex: Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex: For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex: The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex: His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.

    * * *
    1
    salen mucho they go out a lot
    no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot
    ¿salen mucho? do they go out much o a lot?
    me ayudaron muchísimo they really helped me a lot
    ahora funciona mucho mejor it works much o a lot better now
    esto preocupa, y mucho, a los ecologistas this is a matter of great concern to ecologists
    trabaja mucho he works very hard
    ¿llueve mucho? is it raining hard?
    me gusta muchísimo I like it a lot o very much
    por mucho que insistas, no te va a hacer caso no matter how much you insist o however much you insist he won't listen to you
    por mucho que le grites no te oye you can shout as much as you like but he won't hear you
    después de mucho discutir llegaron a un acuerdo after long discussions, they reached an agreement
    mucho criticar a los demás pero ella tampoco hace nada por ayudar she's forever o always criticizing others but she doesn't do anything to help either
    2
    (en respuestas): ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very
    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    para locs ver mucho3 pron C. (↑ mucho (3))
    A
    1 ( sing) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of
    tiene mucha vitamina C it contains a lot of vitamin C
    no le tienen mucho respeto they don't have much o a lot of respect for him
    había mucha gente there were lots of o a lot of people there
    sucedió hace mucho tiempo it happened a long time ago
    ¿tienes mucha hambre? are you very hungry?
    una ciudad con mucha vida nocturna a city with plenty of night life
    2 (pl) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of
    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? did you get many o a lot of presents?
    sus muchas obligaciones le impidieron asistir his many commitments prevented him from attending
    muchos niños pasan hambre many children go hungry
    seis hijos son muchos six children's a lot
    somos muchos there are a lot of us
    B ( sing)
    1 ( fam)
    (con valor plural): mucho elogio, mucho cumplido pero no me lo van a publicar they're full of praise and compliments but they're not going to publish it
    hoy día hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí these days there are a lot of rogues around
    2 ( fam)
    (con valor ponderativo): era mucho jugador para un equipo tan mediocre he was much too good a player for a mediocre team like that
    A
    (refiriéndose a cantidad, número): mucho de lo que ha dicho es falso much o a lot of what he has said is untrue
    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do
    si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask
    muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …
    muchos son los llamados pero pocos los elegidos ( Bib) many are called but few are chosen
    B
    hace mucho que no vamos al teatro we haven't been to the theater for a long time o for ages
    ¿falta mucho para llegar? are we nearly there?, is it much further?
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    mucho antes de conocerte long o a long time before I met you
    C ( en locs):
    como mucho at (the) most
    costará unos 30 dólares como mucho it probably costs about 30 dollars at (the) most
    con mucho by far, easily
    fue, con mucho, la mejor de la clase she was by far o easily the best in the class, she was the best in the class, by far
    cuando mucho at (the) most
    ni mucho menos: no pretendo aconsejarte ni mucho menos I'm in no way trying to give you advice
    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos he isn't a good pianist, far from it
    * * *

     

    mucho 1 adverbio
    a) ‹salir/ayudar› a lot;

    ‹ trabajar› hard;
    ◊ no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot;

    me gusta muchísimo I like it very much o a lot;
    mucho mejor a lot better;
    por mucho que insistas no matter how much you insist;
    después de mucho discutir after much discussion

    ◊ ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very;

    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    mucho 2
    ◊ - cha adjetivo

    a) ( sing) a lot of;

    (en oraciones negativas, interrogativas) much, a lot of;

    no gano mucho dinero I don't earn much o a lot of money;
    ¿ves mucha televisión? do you watch much o a lot of television;
    tiene mucha hambre he's very hungry
    b) (pl) many, a lot of;

    ◊ había muchos extranjeros/muchas personas allí there were many o a lot of foreigners/people there;

    hace muchos años many years ago
    ■ pronombre
    1 ( referido a cantidad)
    a) ( sing) a lot;

    ( en oraciones negativas) much;

    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do;
    eso no es mucho that's not much;
    no queda mucha there isn't much left
    b) (pl) many;

    ◊ muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …;

    muchos de nosotros many of us
    2
    ◊ mucho



    ¿te falta mucho para terminar? will it take you long to finish?;
    mucho antes long before;
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    b) ( en locs)


    con mucho by far, easily;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que … however much …
    mucho,-a
    I adj indef
    1 (abundante, numeroso) (en frases afirmativas) a lot of, lots of
    mucha comida, a lot of food
    muchos animales, lots of animals
    (en frases negativas) much, many pl: no queda mucho azúcar, there isn't much sugar left
    no conozco muchos sitios, I don't know many places
    2 (intenso) very: tengo mucho calor/miedo, I'm very hot/scared
    hizo mucho esfuerzo, he made a great effort
    3 (demasiado) es mucha responsabilidad, it's too much responsibility
    II pron
    1 a lot, a great deal, many: muchos fuimos al baile, many/lots of us went to the dance
    muchos de nosotros/vosotros, many of us/you
    de ésos tengo muchos, I've got lots of those
    III adverbio
    1 (cantidad) a lot, very much: me arrepentí mucho, I was very sorry
    2 (tiempo) hace mucho que desapareció, he went missing a long time ago
    hace mucho que estamos aquí, we have been here for a long time
    (a menudo) often: vamos mucho al cine, we go to the cinema quite often
    ♦ Locuciones: como mucho, at the most
    con mucho, by far
    ¡ni mucho menos!, no way!
    por mucho (que), however much
    Recuerda que el singular es much, el plural es many, y que estas dos palabras se suelen usar en frases negativas (no tengo demasiado tiempo, I haven't got much time), mientras que a lot (of) y lots (of) se encuentran en frases afirmativas: Tengo mucho dinero. I've got a lot of/lots of money. En frases interrogativas se usa tanto much y many como a lot o lots of: ¿Tienes mucho dinero?, Have you got much/ a lot of/lots of money? Sin embargo, en preguntas que empiezan por how sólo puedes emplear much o many: ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?, How much money have you got?
    ' mucho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonarse
    - abrigar
    - abultar
    - achicharrar
    - achicharrarse
    - acoger
    - adelantar
    - adentro
    - adorar
    - afear
    - afecta
    - afectar
    - afecto
    - agradecer
    - alejarse
    - antes
    - aparato
    - aprecio
    - aprovechar
    - ascendiente
    - avejentarse
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - bailar
    - bastante
    - boato
    - bombo
    - brío
    - cacarear
    - caché
    - cachet
    - calor
    - carácter
    - cariño
    - carrete
    - cascar
    - cervical
    - chapar
    - chiflar
    - cocerse
    - coco
    - comer
    - contraponer
    - costar
    - cuando
    - de
    - deber
    - decaer
    - decir
    - defraudar
    English:
    ability
    - ado
    - afraid
    - age
    - ago
    - agony
    - all-out
    - alone
    - anywhere
    - around
    - as
    - attract
    - attuned to
    - backlog
    - badly
    - bake
    - balance
    - be
    - best
    - booze
    - bulky
    - busywork
    - capital
    - cautious
    - chalk
    - challenging
    - charisma
    - come along
    - come into
    - commotion
    - concern
    - deal
    - dear
    - demand
    - devoted
    - difficult
    - do
    - dog days
    - doing
    - easily
    - emotional
    - enthusiastic
    - esteem
    - exhilarate
    - experience
    - extravagant
    - fancy
    - far
    - fat
    - few
    * * *
    mucho, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [gran cantidad de] a lot of;
    comemos mucho pescado/mucha verdura we eat a lot of fish/vegetables;
    había mucha gente there were a lot of people there;
    producen muchos residuos they produce a lot of waste;
    tengo muchos más/menos amigos que tú I've got a lot more/fewer friends than you;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I haven't got much o a lot of time;
    no nos quedan muchas entradas we haven't got many o a lot of tickets left;
    ¿hay muchas cosas que hacer? are there a lot of things to do?, is there much to do?;
    no tengo muchas ganas de ir I don't really o much feel like going;
    tengo mucho sueño I'm very sleepy;
    hoy hace mucho calor it's very hot today;
    hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;
    ¡mucha suerte! the best of luck!;
    ¡muchas gracias! thank you very much!
    2. (singular) [demasiado]
    hay mucho niño aquí there are rather a lot of kids here;
    mucha sal me parece que le estás echando I think you're overdoing the salt a bit, I think you're adding a bit too much salt;
    ésta es mucha casa para mí this house is much too big for me;
    Fam
    es mucho hombre he's a real man;
    es mucho coche para un conductor novato it's far too powerful a car for an inexperienced driver;
    es mucha mujer para ti she's out of your league!;
    Fam
    mucho lujo y mucho camarero trajeado pero la comida es horrible it's all very luxurious and full of smartly dressed waiters, but the food's terrible
    ♦ pron
    (singular) a lot;
    * * *
    I adj
    1 singular a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    mucho tiempo a lot of time;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I don’t have a lot of time o much time;
    tengo mucho frío I am very cold;
    es mucho coche para mí this car’s too much for me
    2 plural a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    muchos amigos a lot of friends;
    no tengo muchos amigos I don’t have a lot of friends o many friends
    II pron
    1 singular a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    no tengo mucho I don’t have much o a lot
    2 plural a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    no tengo muchos I don’t have many o a lot;
    muchos creen que … a lot of people o many people think that …
    III adv
    1 a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    ¿cuesta mucho? does it cost a lot o much?;
    nos vemos mucho we see each other often o a lot;
    hace mucho que no te veo I haven’t seen you for a long time;
    ¿dura/tarda mucho? does it last/take long?
    2
    :
    como mucho at the most;
    dan mucho de sí you can do a lot in 10 months;
    no es ni con mucho he is far from being …;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    mucho adv
    1) : much, a lot
    mucho más: much more
    le gusta mucho: he likes it a lot
    2) : long, a long time
    tardó mucho en venir: he was a long time getting here
    3)
    por mucho que : no matter how much
    mucho, - cha adj
    1) : a lot of, many, much
    mucha gente: a lot of people
    hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo: I haven't seen him in ages
    2)
    muchas veces : often
    mucho, - cha pron
    1) : a lot, many, much
    hay mucho que hacer: there is a lot to do
    muchas no vinieron: many didn't come
    2)
    como mucho : at most
    3)
    con mucho : by far
    4)
    ni mucho menos : not at all, far from it
    * * *
    mucho1 adj
    1. (en general) a lot of / lots of
    ¿marcaste muchos goles? did you score many goals?
    mucho2 adv
    1. (en general) a lot
    lo siento mucho I'm very sorry / I'm really sorry
    3. (mucho tiempo) a long time
    no está acabado, ni mucho menos it is far from finished
    mucho3 pron
    3. (con plurales) many / a lot

    Spanish-English dictionary > mucho

  • 10 wagen

    wagen v GEN risk, take the risk of, venture • sich wagen auf GEN venture on (Projekt)
    * * *
    v < Geschäft> risk, take the risk of, venture ■ sich wagen auf < Geschäft> Projekt venture on
    * * *
    Wagen
    carriage, vehicle, conveyance, (Auto) car, automobile (US), motorcar (Br.), auto (US), (Bahn) carriage, car, wag(g)on, (Möbel) van, (Taxe) taxi, cab;
    • frei auf den Wagen free on the wag(g)on, free on truck (Br.);
    • durchgehender Wagen through carriage;
    • eigener Wagen private car;
    • firmeneigener Wagen business (company) car;
    • gebrauchter Wagen second-hand car;
    • wenig gefahrener Wagen low-mil(e)age car;
    • in Zahlung genommener Wagen traded-in car;
    • auf Kilometerbasis vermieteter Wagen mileage car;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wagen economy-sized car;
    • zugelassener Wagen licensed car;
    • Wagen für leitende Angestellte executive-class car;
    • Wagen für gehobene Ansprüche quality car;
    • Wagen aus Erstbesitz one-owned car;
    • Wagen aus zweiter Hand pre-owned car;
    • Wagen zweiter Klasse second-class carriage;
    • Wagen der Mittelklasse intermediate-sized car;
    • Wagen der gehobenen Mittelklasse car of the upper middle price range;
    • Wagen der Verkehrswacht scout car (Br.);
    • Wagen abschleppen to pick up a car;
    • seinen eigenen Wagen fahren to drive one’s own car, to have a car of one’s own;
    • Wagen wieder in Betrieb nehmen to take a car out of storage.

    Business german-english dictionary > wagen

  • 11 HAFA

    * * *
    (hefi; hafða, höfðum; hafðr), v.
    1) to have (þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór);
    hafa elda, to keep up a five;
    2) to hold, celebrate (hafa vinaboð, blót, þing);
    3) to keep, retain (rifu þær vefinn í sundr, ok hafði hverr þat er hélt á);
    4) to use (tvau net eru rý, ok hafa eigi höfð verit);
    orð þau sem hann hafði um haft, which he had made use of;
    hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one;
    hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one;
    hafa tvimæli á e-u, to speak doubtfully of a thing;
    hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words;
    hann var mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in, lawsuits;
    5) to have, hold, maintain;
    hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one;
    hafa hættumikit, to run a great risk;
    hafa heilindi, to have good health;
    6) to bring, carry;
    hafa e-n heim með sér, to bring one home;
    hann hafði lög, út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway;
    hafa sik (to betake oneself) til annara landa;
    7) to take, carry off;
    troll hafi þik, the trolls take thee;
    8) to get, gain, win;
    hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep;
    hefir sá jafnan, er hættir, he wins that ventures;
    hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victor;
    hafa meira hlut, to get the upper hand, gain the day;
    hafa sitt mál, to win one’s suit;
    hafa tafl, to win the game;
    hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed;
    hafa bana, to suffer death, to die;
    hafa sigr, to be worsted;
    hafa góðar viðtökur, to be well received;
    hafa tíðindi af e-m, to get tidings of, or from, one;
    hafa sœmd, óvirðing af e-m, to get honour, disgrace from one;
    with gen., hafa e-s ekki, to fail to catch one (hann kemst á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki);
    ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we shall not catch him at present;
    9) to wear carry (clothes, weapons);
    hann hafði blán kyrtil, he wore a blue kirtle;
    hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand;
    10) to behave, do, or fare, so an so esp. with an adv.;
    hafa vel, illa, vetr, to behave (do) well, badly, be worse;
    hafa sik vel, to behave;
    11) with infin., hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping at selja, to have on sale;
    lög hafið þér at mæla, you are right;
    12) hafa e-n nær e-u, to expose one to (þú hafðir svá nær haft oss úfœru);
    hafa nær e-u, to come near to, esp. impers.;
    nær hafði okkr nú, it was a narrow escape;
    svá nær hafði hausinum, at, the shot so nearly touched the head, that;
    ok er nær hafði, skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of flloating;
    13) as an auxiliary verb, in the earliest time with the pp. of transitive verbs in acc.;
    hefir þú hamar um fólginn, hast thou hidden the hammer?;
    ek hefi sendan mann, I have sent a man;
    later with indecl. neut. pp.;
    hefir þú eigi sét mik, hast thou not seen me?;
    14) with preps.:
    hafa e-t at, to do, act;
    hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely;
    absol., viltu þess freista, ok vita hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see what happens?;
    hafa e-t at hlífiskildi (skotspœni), to use as a shield (as a target);
    hafa e-n háði, hlátri, to mock, laugh at;
    hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of;
    hafa sakir á e-n have charges against one;
    hafa á rás, to take to one’s heels, run off;
    hafa e-t fram, to produce (vápn þorgils vóru fram höfð); to carry out, hold forth;
    hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit;
    var um búit, ekki fram haft, all was made ready but nothing done;
    hafa e-t frammi, í frammi, to use, make use of (hafa í frammi kúgan);
    ok öll lögmæt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all on official duties;
    hafa e-t fyrir satt, to hold for true;
    eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed for that, it is a false charge;
    hafa e-n fyrir sökum um e-t, to charge one with;
    hafa í hótum við e-n, to threaten one;
    hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand;
    höfum eiai sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands;
    hafa ór við e-n, to behave so and so towards one (hefir þú illa ór haft við mik);
    hafa e-t til e-s to use for (höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót); to be a reason or ground for;
    vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sézt, we believe the foundation of the story is that men have been seen there;
    hafa mikit (lítit) til síns máls, to have much (little) in support of one’s case;
    hafa e-t til, to have at hand, possess;
    orð þau, sem hann hafði um haft, the words which he had used;
    keisari hafði fátt um, did not say much;
    hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue one;
    hafa e-t uppi, to take (heave) up (hafa uppi fœri, net);
    Skarpheðinn hafði uppi øxina, S. heaved up the axe;
    hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel;
    hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game;
    hafa e-n uppi, to bring one to light;
    hafa uppi rœður, to begin a discussion;
    hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished (hafa úti sitt dagsverk);
    hafa við e-m, to be a match for one;
    hafa sik við, to exert oneself;
    hafa mikit (lítit) við, to make a great (little) display;
    hann söng messu ok bafði mikit við, and made much of it;
    hann bad jarl leita, bann hafði lítit við þat, he did it lightly;
    haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so;
    haf þú lítit við at eggja sonu þina, refrain from egging on thy sons;
    15) refl., hafast.
    * * *
    pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing. hefi (less correctly hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing. is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes—andvara engan hefur | … við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e. g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e. g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e. g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l. c.: imperat. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft;—hafat is an απ. λεγ., Vsp. 16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. ☞ Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to behave, and hœfa, to hit]:—to have.
    A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið, Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir áttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, … þeir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mikit lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn sína í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mér þykkir hagi beztr, 716.
    II. to hold:
    1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; hafa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim.
    2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er stendr …, Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skrá þeirri …, id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, selected) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v. l.
    3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Grág. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 154; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf þat sem eptir verðr, 494.
    4. to hold an office; hafa lögsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; hafa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá sem fyrr hafa haft ( have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lítið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref.
    5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjárgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa … vetr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir … ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318.
    6. with prepp. or infin.,
    α. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr eigi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Grág. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til …, id.; þér ætlið at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28.
    β. with infin.; hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i. e. you are right, Nj. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64; sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28.
    III. to use; var haft til þess sker eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru höfð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þessi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa ( make good use of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þessa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit ( which have not been used), haf þú ( take) hvárt er þú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju, en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný ok mikil ok hefir ( has) til einskis höfð ( used) verið, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda vápn þau er höfð eru, N. G. L. i. 75; þat hafði hann haft ( used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var hafðr til at …, Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð þau sem hann hafði ( had) um haft ( used), Nj. 56; orð þau er hann hafði ( made use of) í barnskírn, K. Þ. K. 14.
    2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við höfð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa mörg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord’s name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to use oneself to a thing, i. e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þeir er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úboðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik við at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af þér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, háði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim.
    IV. to have, hold, maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to have the courage …, Hom. 28; hafa vit ( to know), skyn, greind … á e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemtun, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit á e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mætr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem … a thing; hafa allan hug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases.
    2. with prepp.:
    α. hafa e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all one’s official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafðú í frammi ( use) kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi í frammi, Sks. 276.
    β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, trouble.)
    γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (hence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; þú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so, Ld. 182.
    B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]:
    I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha’nt catch him at present, Fms. vi. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef …, Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröll hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v. l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.); gramir hafi þik! vide gramr.
    II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat ( brought it) norðan með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skaltú biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat er hann hafði ( had) út haft ( carried from abroad), Gullþ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; bókina er hann hafði ( had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr hafði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; biskup lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búferli, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta viðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir heim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5; haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119.
    III. to take, get; hann hafði þá engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139.
    2. to get, gain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs þess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þú, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, ‘nothing venture, nothing have,’ Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29.
    3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to have the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa mál sitt, to win one’s suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup öll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one’s errand, succeed, Þkv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one’s bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa úsigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skömm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294.
    4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtökur, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir ( if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, sögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from one’s hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best of one, cheat one.
    IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons:
    1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan klæða, … þú skalt hafa undir ( wear beneath) hin góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði blán kyrtil, … hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á höfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one’s person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128.
    2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one’s hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand, Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr hafði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532.
    V. here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness); hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one’s hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where ( whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr á stað til munklífisins, Mar.
    C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman’s term, to heave up, take up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði uppi ( heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v. l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði allt þegar uppi, Str. 10.
    2. with the notion to begin; Bárðr hafði uppi orð sín ( began his suit) ok bað Sigríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræður þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv. 144, where the older text in Ó. H. reads umræður þær er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langniðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i. e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i. e. hefja) síðarr upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to begin running, take to one’s heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt sína, Grett. 149.
    D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act:
    I. with an adverb, hafa vel, ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy,
    α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þeir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þú ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinmæði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28.
    β. to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygðum slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hefir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá ( he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál Þorgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was very poorly, D. N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa ( happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann þegir, i. e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr ( he will make a bad bargain) er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þér, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef …, thou wouldest do better, if …, Akv. 16.
    γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436.
    II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til búa vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu þeir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hvatki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stórvirki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðal-atferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i. e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú þess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712.
    III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt ( do not cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa í hótum við e-n, to use threatening ( foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii. 184.
    E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.:
    I. to hit; svá nær hafði hausinum, at …, the shot so nearly hit the head, that …, Fms. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst váða, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi verða okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá dreymt hafa ( have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v. l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (it was within a hair’s breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask, Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edda (in a verse).
    2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, ‘tis a false charge, Eg. 64; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i. e. the culprit, Grág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge of a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it.
    II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, foundation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Ísland sé Tile (i. e. Thule) kallað, at …, learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that …, Landn. (pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft ( there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en aðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þess haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-þykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til síns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115.
    2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at hann var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v. l.
    β. the phrase, hafa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much ( little) reason for one’s tale, i. e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v. l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v. l. for mun stórum skipta), Fms. xi. 311.
    F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann hefsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at night-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir höfðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bænum, Bs. i. 353.
    β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við hafask ( I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum fylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skipum við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í því landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr hafðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11.
    2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. above); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at þeir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut þér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat eitt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19; Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747.
    3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin hafðisk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi hafask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326.
    4. recipr., hafask orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósiðlegt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir hafask réttar tölur við, N. G. L. i. 182.
    II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; þá verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hón skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; svá sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi, being with child.)
    G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows:
    I. in transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earliest time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. A. D. 990–1040), who constantly used the old form,—átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó. H. 81:
    1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er forðum mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blandit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær’s í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna konungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar, Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá hafði borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek hef orðinn ( found) þann guðföðr (verða is here used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of A. D. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur, Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna þá braut, Ó. H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir búnar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó. H. 13); þeir hafa færð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hugðan mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um fólginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi yðr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þú hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51; ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); hann hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir sóttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þú hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; sá er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 42; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann ráðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi bráðir, Eg. (in a verse).
    2. references from prose; this old form has since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njála, Ó. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrjá menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði þá leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sveininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hefir ílla neisu gorva, Ó. H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri setta þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, Þorst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði sendan hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K. Þ. K. 92 (Lund’s Syntax, p. 12).
    β. again, neut. indecl., hana hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hón hafði heimt húskarl sinn …, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostur, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er átt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þær höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit …, 342; göngu es hann hafði gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hefði nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann þóttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 349: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sína heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó. H. 176, etc. passim:—at last the inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing. is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e. g. konu hefi eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21. ☞ This use of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e. g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e. g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late age?
    II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the present day, used in the following cases:
    1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases.
    2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) látisk, farisk, sagsk, etc.
    3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e. g. þeir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið …, also almost in every line both of prose and poetry.
    4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen.
    ☞ The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, that
    α. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin words.
    β. in the earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indeclinable.
    γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite infinitive, e. g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. ☞ We may here note a curious dropping of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr ( having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó. H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glúm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm’s remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HAFA

  • 12 bond

    Fin
    1. a promise to repay with interest on specified dates money that an investor lends a company or government
    2. a certificate issued by a company or government that promises repayment of borrowed money at a set rate of interest on a particular date.
         Short-term bonds mature in up to 3 years, intermediate-term bonds in between 3 to 10 years, and long-term bonds in more than 10 years, with 30 years generally being the upper limit. Longer-term bonds are considered a higher risk because interest rates are certain to change during their lifetime. They tend to pay higher interest rates to attract investors and reward them for the additional risk.
         Bonds are traded on the open market, just like stocks. They are reliable economic indicators, but perform in the reverse direction to interest rates: if bond prices are rising, interest rates and stock markets are likely to be falling, while if interest rates have gone up since a bond was first issued, prices of new bonds will fall.
    3. (ANZ) a sum of money paid as a deposit, especially on rented premises
    4.(S. Africa) a mortgage bond

    The ultimate business dictionary > bond

  • 13 vorbeugen

    (trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/i (zu verhindern suchen) prevent (+ Dat s.th.); (Vorsichtsmaßnahmen ergreifen) guard against, take precautions against; vorbeugen ist besser als heilen Sprichw. prevention is better than cure
    II v/t und v/refl: ( sich) vorbeugen bend forward
    * * *
    (verhindern) to prevent; to obviate; to preclude;
    sich vorbeugen
    to lean forward
    * * *
    vor|beu|gen sep
    1. vi
    to prevent ( einer Sache dat sth); einer Möglichkeit, einem Fehler auch to preclude

    vórbeugen ist besser als heilen (prov) — prevention is better than cure (prov)

    2. vt
    Kopf, Oberkörper to bend forward
    3. vr
    to lean or bend forward
    * * *
    vor|beu·gen
    ▪ etw \vorbeugen to bend sth forward
    den Kopf \vorbeugen to bend [one's head] forward
    beuge den Oberkörper nicht zu weit vor, sonst verlierst du das Gleichgewicht! don't lean too far forward, or you'll lose your balance
    ▪ [etw dat] \vorbeugen to prevent sth
    einer Krankheit/Gefahr \vorbeugen to prevent an illness/danger
    in Zeiten erhöhter Erkältungsgefahr beuge ich vor in times of increased risk of colds I take preventive measures
    ▶ \vorbeugen ist besser als heilen (prov) prevention is better than cure prov
    III. vr
    ▪ sich akk \vorbeugen to lean forward
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb bend <head, upper body> forward
    2.
    reflexives Verb lean or bend forward
    3.

    einer Sache (Dat.) od. gegen etwas vorbeugen — prevent something

    Vorbeugen ist besser als Heilen — (Spr.) prevention is better than cure (prov.)

    * * *
    vorbeugen (trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/i (zu verhindern suchen) prevent (+dat sth); (Vorsichtsmaßnahmen ergreifen) guard against, take precautions against;
    vorbeugen ist besser als heilen sprichw prevention is better than cure
    B. v/t & v/r:
    (sich) vorbeugen bend forward
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb bend <head, upper body> forward
    2.
    reflexives Verb lean or bend forward
    3.

    einer Sache (Dat.) od. gegen etwas vorbeugen — prevent something

    Vorbeugen ist besser als Heilen — (Spr.) prevention is better than cure (prov.)

    * * *
    v.
    to obviate v.
    to prevent v.
    to take preventative measures expr.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > vorbeugen

  • 14 τράχηλος

    τράχηλος [pron. full] [ᾰ], ὁ, [dialect] Dor. [full] τράχᾱλος IG42(1).122.3, al. (Epid., iv B. C.): heterocl. pl.
    A

    τράχηλα Call.Fr.98

     (= Iamb.1.147):—neck, throat, Hdt.2.40, Hp.Aph.4.35, E.Cyc. 608 (lyr.), Sor.1.84, Gal.6.151, etc.; distd. fr. αὐχήν by Pl.Phdr. 253e ( τράχηλος being, acc. to Gp.19.2.3, the whole neck and throat, αὐχήν the back part of the neck in human beings, the upper part in animals; this difference is observed in Sor.Fasc.37 (cf. αὐχήν in 38,39,40,41), Adam.2.21; but αὐχήν in Hp.Prog.23 is glossed τράχηλος by Gal.18(2).264, cf. Ruf. Onom.66, Poll.2.130; in LXX, NT, and Pap. τ. is more freq. than αὐχήν)

    ; τ. σώματος χωρὶς τεμών E.Ba. 241

    , cf. Supp. 716; ἀποτεμεῖν, ἀποκόψαι, Plu.Art.29, Flam.18, etc.;

    βρόχον δ' ἐνίαλλε τραχήλῳ Theoc.23.51

    ; ἐς τ. πεσεῖν break one's neck, E.Tr. 755; ἐπὶ τ. ὠθεῖν τινα thrust head-foremost, Luc.DMort.27.1, Merc.Cond.39;

    εἰς τ. Poll.2.135

    ;

    ἐπιπεσεῖν ἐπὶ τὸν τ. τινός LXX Ge.46.29

    , Ev.Luc.15.20; ἐν βρόχῳ τὸν τ. ἔχων νομοθετεῖ with a halter round his neck, D.24.139; ἔδει σε ἐν τῷ σῷ τ. ἐμπαίζειν at the risk of your own neck, PTeb.758.2 (ii B. C.).
    2 neck of animals, of the horse, X.Eq.1.8; the hare, Id.Cyn.5.30; the camel, Plu.2.1125b, BGU469.6 (ii A. D.); the neck as a joint of meat, Plu.Demetr. 11; of a fowl, Gal.6.788.
    II of parts resembling the neck, e. g. upper part of the murex, Eub.66, Posidipp.14, cf. Arist.HA 547a16, Ath.3.87f; in the

    κάραβος

     the narrow part of the abdomen,

    Arist. HA 526a3

    ; the neck of the grasshopper, ib. 556a2.
    2 neck of a vessel, BCH35.286 ([place name] Delos), Hero Spir.1.19, al.; of a gourd, Arist.HA 616a23; of parts of the body,

    τ. μήτρας Hp.Mul.2.169

    , Poll.2.222;

    ὑστέρας Sor.1.7

    ; κύστεως ibid., Gal.UP14.9, Poll.2.171;

    καρδίας Placit.4.5.8

    .
    3 middle part of a mast, Asclep.Myrl. ap. Ath.11.475a.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τράχηλος

  • 15 ОРЗ

    1) Medicine: U.R.I. (upper respiratory infection)
    2) Australian slang: the dog's disease

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ОРЗ

  • 16 орз

    1) Medicine: U.R.I. (upper respiratory infection)
    2) Australian slang: the dog's disease

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > орз

  • 17 alto

    ['alto] alto (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (gen) high, tall
    2) (suono: elevato) high(-pitched), (forte) loud

    ad alta voce — out loud, aloud

    abbassa un po', è troppo alto — turn it down a bit, it's too loud

    3) (fig : elevato: carica, dignitario) high, (sentimenti, pensieri) lofty, noble

    avere un'alta opinione di sé — to have a high opinion of o.s.

    4) (profondo: acqua) deep
    5) Geog
    6) (largo: tessuto) wide
    2. sm
    (parte superiore) top (part)

    in alto — up

    dall'alto in o al basso — up and down

    3. avv
    (volare) high

    "alto" — (su casse di imballaggio) "this side up"

    4.

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > alto

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 20 can

    "1. soul. 2. life. 3. person, individual. 4. energy, zeal, vigor; vitality, strength. 5. dervish orders brother, friend; disciple. 6. dear, lovable. -ım 1. darling, honey, my dear. 2. my dear fellow; my dear lady (often used in reproach or objection). 3. precious, lovely. -ı acımak to feel pain. -ına acımamak to live without thinking of one´s own comfort. - acısı acute pain. -ını acıtmak /ın/ to cause (someone) acute pain. -ı ağzına gelmek to be frightened to death. - alacak nokta/yer the crucial point. - alıp can vermek to be in agony; to be in great distress. -ını almak /ın/ to kill. - arkadaşı close companion, intimate friend. - atmak /a/ to desire strongly, want badly. -ını bağışlamak /ın/ to spare (someone´s) life. - baş üstüne! I´ll do it gladly!/Gladly! -la başla çalışmak to put one´s heart into a job, work with determination and enthusiasm. - benim canım, çıksın elin canı. colloq. I´ll look out for number one. - beslemek to feed oneself well. -ından bezmek/bıkmak/usanmak to be tired of living. - boğazdan gelir/geçer. proverb One cannot live without food. - borcunu ödemek to die. -ı burnuna gelmek 1. to be overwhelmed with trouble. 2. to be fed up. -ı burnunda olmak to be worn out, be exhausted. - cana, baş başa everyone for himself. -a can katmak to delight greatly, increase one´s pleasure. -ı cehenneme! To hell with him! -ını cehenneme göndermek /ın/ colloq. to kill. -ım ciğerim my darling. - çabası the struggle to support oneself. -ı çekilmek to feel exhausted. - çekişmek to be dying in agony. -ı/gönlü çekmek /ı/ to long (for). -ını çıkarmak /ın/ 1. to wear out, tire. 2. to wear (something) out. -ı çıkasıca/çıksın! May the devil take him! -ı çıkmak 1. to die. 2. to get very tired. 3. to get worn out. - çıkmayınca/çıkmadıkça/çıkar huy çıkmaz. proverb People never change. - damarı vital point, most sensitive spot. - damarına basmak /ın/ to touch on the most sensitive spot of (someone, something). -ını (bir yere) dar atmak just barely to make it to (a safe place). - dayanmamak /a/ to be intolerable. -ına değmek /ın/ 1. to please greatly. 2. to cause joy to the spirit (of a deceased person). - derdine düşmek to struggle for one´s life. “-ım” dese “canın çıksın” diyor sanmak to hear “darling” and understand “damn you.” - direği sound post (of a violin). -ını dişine takmak to make a great effort, put one´s back into it, go all out, give it one´s all. - dostu dear friend. -ına düşkün (one) who takes good care of himself. - düşmanı mortal enemy. - evi 1. the upper part of the belly. 2. heart. 3. the vital spot. - evinden vurmak /ı/ to attack (a person) where he is most sensitive and vulnerable. -ına ezan okumak /ın/ slang to kill, destroy. - feda! Wonderful!/Superb! -dan geçmek to give up the ghost. -ına geçmek/ işlemek/kâr etmek /ın/ to touch (someone) to the quick. - gelmek /a/ to be refreshed, revive. -ı gelip gitmek to have fainting spells. -ı gitmek to worry about the safety and well-being of someone or something. - halatı naut. life line. - havliyle in a desperate attempt to save one´s life. -ımın içi my darling. -ının içine sokacağı gelmek /ı/ to feel a strong wave of love (for). -ı ile oynamak to do dangerous things. -ı istemek /ı/ to desire. -ın isterse. If you like./I don´t care. - kalmamak /da/ to have all the life drained out (of). -a kasıt law intent to murder. -ına kastetmek /ın/ to plot against (someone´s) life. - kaygısına düşmek to fight for one´s life. -ına kıymak 1. /ın/ to kill without pity. 2. to commit suicide. 3. to wear oneself out. - korkusu fear of death. - kulağı ile dinlemek to be all ears; /ı/ to listen intently (to). - kurban! colloq. How wonderful! -ını kurtarmak 1. to save one´s life. 2. /ın/ to save (someone´s) life. - kurtaran yok mu! Help!/Save me! -ına/-ıma minnet! colloq. What more could one want!/So much the better! -ına okumak /ın/ 1. to harass. 2. to destroy, ruin. - pahasına at the risk of one´s life, a

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > can

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